Translation

Translation Principles

The following principles were used to guide the design of a translation system for CS Field Guide:

  1. Translations should be ‘first class citizens’ - they should exist as independent entities from the source content, and be coupled as loosely as possible to it.

  2. Translated content should remain accessible even if the source material changes, and an updated translation is not yet available.

  3. Users should be able to see all content that exists, even if it is not available in their language.

  4. Translated content should be presented solely in the users language, without being interspersed with English.

Translatable Files

Translatable content is stored in three types of files:

  • Markdown files, for content to be processed by Verto.

  • Python code.

  • HTML templates.

  • JavaScript code.

Markdown files are stored inside the directory tree for a given language (ie. the directory named using the Django locale code).

For the other three type of files, Django’s built-in translation support is utilised to handle translatable strings. In Python code, text is wrapped in a ugettext function call (usually aliased to _). In HTML templates, text is wrapped in {% trans %}/{% blocktrans %} tags. In JavaScript code, text is wrapped in a gettext function call.

Sometimes there may be a sentence that will need to be worded differently depending on the value of a variable. In HTML templates, the Django blocktrans tag provides for pluralisation. An example is shown below.

{% blocktrans count variable as variable_name %}
    The video has been viewed <span>{{ variable_name }}</span> time
    {% plural %}
    The video has been viewed <span>{{ variable_name }}</span> times
{% endblocktrans %}

Django documentation for using the plural tag is here.

Django provides two different functions for handling pluralisation in JavaScript. If the variable value is not included in the sentence you can simply use Django’s ngettext function. However if the variable value is included in the sentence you will need to use both Django’s ngettext function and Django’s interpolate function.

For example, in the binary cards interactive the user can flip cards to show a number of dots. In the interactive we tell the user how many dots are showing, if there is only one dot showing we would like to display “1 dot is visible”, otherwise display the plural version with the number of dots showing. To achieve this we use the following syntax, where dot_count is the number of dots showing.

var format = ngettext('1 dot is visible', '%(dot_count)s dots are visible', dotCount);
var dotCountText = interpolate(format, {"dot_count": dotCount}, true);

Django provides further documentation on these functions and translations in JavaScript here.

Translatable Model

The TranslatableModel class is a base model class that allows content to be stored using the above principles. It is availabe in the file utils/TranslatableModel.py and should be subclassed by all models which contain any user-facing content.

Django Package - modeltranslation

The Django modeltranslation package is utilised to stored translated content on a model. The basic idea is that for each translatable field, an extra database column is added for every language defined in the Django settings file. When the base field is accessed, modeltranslation performs some magic to retrieve the translation for the users language.

To register translation fields for a given TranslatableModel, add a TranslationOptions subclass to the translations.py file in the relevant application. For more details, see the models already registered, or read the modeltranslation docs.

Note

The default behaviour for modeltranslation is to fallback to the English value if no translation is present. In CS field Guide, this is desirable for text fields such as name and title, but is often undesirable for most other fields (see Translation Principles).

To disable fallback for a given field:

  • Add <field name>: None to the fallback_undefined dictionary in the models TranslationOptions subclass.

  • Add default="" option to the field in it’s models.py definition.

Available Languages

The TranslatableModel base class includes a mechanism to determine whether a model sufficiently translated and available in a given language.

This mechanism consists of

  • The languages field, which is an array field storing the Django language codes for languages in which the model is available.

  • The translation_available property, which returns true if the model is available in the current language.

When creating the TranslatableModel instance, the list of available languages should be determined. This will likely be decided using a list of required fields, where the presence of translations for all required fields leads to the model being marked as available. The TranslatableModelLoader base class includes functions to assist with this task.

In view and template code, the translation_available property can be checked to determine the presentation of translated content (or lack thereof) on the front end.

Translatable Model Loader

The TranslatabaleModelLoader base class should be subclassed by all loaders that deal with translatable models. It provides a number of helper functions for dealing with translated content. It is availabe in the file utils/TranslatableModelLoader.py.

Utility Functions

The following utility functions are available:

  • get_yaml_translations - Load translations for model fields from a given YAML file.

  • get_markdown_translations - Load translations for a given Markdown file.

  • populate_translations - Populate translation fields on a model using values in a given dictionary.

  • mark_translation_availability - Modify languages field to contain all languages for which all required translation fields are populated.

Refer to the function docstrings for more detailed documentation. It may also be useful to refer to existing loader implementations to understand how these functions can be used.